Article

Footwear insoles/orthotics alter variables associated with musculoskeletal
injury; however, their clinical effectiveness is inconclusive.
One explanation
for this is the possibility that control conditions may actually produce
biomechanical changes that induce clinical responses.
The purpose of this study
was to compare insole/orthotic control conditions to identify if variables at the
ground, ankle and knee that are associated with injury are altered relative to
what participants would normally experience in their own shoes. Gait analysis was
performed on 15 participants during walking and running while wearing (1) their
own shoes, (2) #1 with a 3mm flat insole, (3) a standardized shoe, and (4) #3
with a 3mm flat insole, where external knee adduction moments, external knee
adduction angular impulses, internal ankle inversion moments, and vertical ground
reaction force loading rates were determined. Conditions 2-4 were expressed as
percent changes relative to condition 1, and tests of proportions assessed if
there were a significant number of individuals experiencing a biomechanically
relevant change for each variable. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were used to identify
group differences between conditions. The majority of movement-footwear-variable
combinations contained a proportion of individuals experiencing biomechanically
relevant changes compared to condition 1 that was significantly greater than the
expected proportion of 20%. No systematic differences were found between
conditions. This suggests that conditions 2-4 may alter biomechanics relative to
baseline for many participants, but not in a consistent way across participants.
It is recommended that participant's own footwear be used as control conditions
in future trials where biomechanics are primary variables of interest.
CI - Copyright (c) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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